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Bechukotai: Happy Ending / New Beginning ~ Yehoshua Steinberg

Updated: Nov 12, 2022


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The root יסף denotes addition / expansion, as do many other words containing the two-letter ס-פ string. By contrast, other words containing this same string indicate the exact opposite: end / destruction. How can this paradox possibly be explained?

End… Just the Beginning – The Wonders of the Holy Tongue for P’ Bechukosai


The root יסף means addition, expansion, and it occurs more times in this Parasha than in any other: Leviticus 26:18 – And if, during these, you will not listen to Me, I will add (ויספתי) another seven punishments for your sins.

Radak (Is. 13:15, Jer. 7:21) notes that the two roots יסף and ספהare “two roots with identical meanings” (namely: addition), thus inferring that the underlying letters סף form the core of both words. Indeed, Machberet Menachem not only includes both meanings under the umbrella

סף entry, but further categorizes all the derivatives of יסף and ספה (Num. 32:14, Deut. 3:26, 29:18, Jer. 7:21) in a single subdivision under סף.

Rabbi SR Hirsch (Deut. 32:23) adds, as per his wont, that ספה (addition) is also phonetically related to ספח (addendum). Thus, all three words sharing the letters סף would point to nuances of addition, expansion, attachment. In all, I propose that no less than eight words containing these two letters point to closely related concepts, namely: 1. ‘אסף’ 2. ‘ספן’/’שפן’ 3.’ספק’/’שפק’ 4. ‘כסף’ 5. ‘ספג’ 6. ‘חסף’ 7.’יסף’/’ספה’ 8. ‘ספח’. We will now examine each of these words one at a time.

1. Asaf אסף – Gathering (e.g. Gen. 6:21, 29:7, Ex. 3:16, 34:22, Num. 11:4). Gathering disparate units together means joining them, adding to and expanding the original body.

2. Safan ספן / שפן – This word (e.g. Deut. 33:19) denotes storing and safeguarding items, accomplished through gathering and adding such items to the storage area.

3. Safek ספק / שפק – Expanding, adding (e.g. Job 34:36. See also R. Isaac D’Trania [Tos. RI”D] ad locum. Rashi adds “raising volume” as well).

4. Kasaf כסף – In the sense of desiring, coveting (e.g. Gen. 31:30). King Solomon hinted to the connection between this meaning of כסף and the common usage in the sense of silver / money: Whoever loves silver will not be sated with silver (Eccles. 5:9). That is, the lover of such possessions wishes constantly add to and expand his cache (see Darkei David, Tetzave. See also Numbers Rabba 13:20).

5. Safag ספג – This is an Aramaic word (e.g. Onkelos To Ex. 29:2) meaning an absorbent, spongy substance, capable of adding to its own mass and expanding through the absorption of liquids.

6. Chasaf חסף – Aramaic for clay (e.g. Dan.2:33), a thoroughly porous and absorbent substance (vis. Lev. 6:21 and Rashi ad loc.).

7. Yasaf / Safa יסף / ספה – In the sense of addition (and by extension, connection, attachment); see above.

8. Sapach ספח – Meaning addendum; see above.

In addition to these meanings (addition, expansion, gathering, attaching), Menachem paradoxically includes subdivisions of the root סף denoting quite the opposite – end (סוף) and destruction (e.g. Is. 6:4, Ez. 40:6, 43:8, Ps. 84:11)!

Before attempting to address this puzzle, we will add another of Menachem’s subdivisions of סף, namely gates/doorposts of a building (e.g. Is. 6:4, Ez. 40:6, 43:8, Ps. 84:11). Now, while a gate signifies the outer border of a house, it also is the entrance (read: beginning) to said building. Indeed, an end from one perspective is aught but an opportunity for expansion to new horizons from another vantage point. And if this can be true of opportunistic mortals, how much more vis-à-vis the Eternal and Infinite G-d, the אין סוף! Thus, the apparent contradiction between Menachem’s various סף subdivisions is resolved: one man’s “end” is another’s “beginning.”

The “border” meaning of סף (from which derive such terms as שפת הים – sea shore) brings us to yet another of Menachem’s subdivisions, סף denoting various vessels (e.g. Ex. 12:22, II Sam. 17:28, Zech. 12:2). The connection here is that just as the gate of a house guards against undesired comings and goings, so do the borders of a vessel contain the contents and guard against their spillage (a very similar word for a type of vessel is ספל, and the explanation is identical).

One last sub-division of סף in the Machberet is reserved for the word מספוא, animal feed (e.g. Gen. 24:25, 42:27). Yeriot Shlomo (1:5a) explains this word in the sense of destruction/end, because all food is perforce destroyed in the course of its consumption. A parallel double entendre is found in the common word for food, אוכל, which shares a common bi-literal root (‘כל’) with כליון, obliteration. Despite the unavoidable destruction of the consumed food however, the main purpose of consuming food is obviously not its destruction, but its life-giving powers, its ability to renew one’s strength, to add energy and health to its consumer. Thus we again find opposite effects: end/destruction on the one hand and addition/expansion on the other.

May the Eternal One bring about a סוף to evil, concomitantly adding להוסיף years of vibrant, healthy life to those who revere His Word and keep His Precepts.

The root יסף means addition, expansion, and it occurs more times in this Parasha[1] than in any other: Leviticus 26:18 – And if, during these, you will not listen to Me, I will add (ויספתי) another seven[2] punishments for your sins.

Radak (Is. 13:15, Jer. 7:21) notes that the two roots יסף and  ספהare “two roots with identical meanings” (namely: addition), thus inferring that the underlying letters סף form the core of both words. Indeed, Machberet Menachem not only includes both meanings under the umbrella

סף entry, but further categorizes all the derivatives of יסף and ספה (Num. 32:14, Deut. 3:26, 29:18, Jer. 7:21) in a single subdivision under סף.

Rabbi SR Hirsch (Deut. 32:23) adds, as per his wont, that ספה (addition) is also phonetically related to ספח (addendum). Thus, all three words sharing the letters סף would point to nuances of addition, expansion, attachment. In all, I propose that no less than eight words containing these two letters point to closely related concepts, namely: 1. ‘אסף’ 2. ‘ספן’/’שפן’ 3.’ספק’/’שפק’  4. ‘כסף’  5. ‘ספג’ 6. ‘חסף’ 7.’יסף’/’ספה’  8. ‘ספח’. We will now examine each of these words one at a time.

  1. Asaf אסף – Gathering (e.g. Gen. 6:21, 29:7, Ex. 3:16, 34:22, Num. 11:4). Gathering disparate units together means joining them, adding to and expanding the original body.

  2. Safan ספן / שפן – This word (e.g. Deut. 33:19) denotes storing and safeguarding items, accomplished through gathering and adding such items to the storage area[3].

  3. Safek ספק / שפק – Expanding, adding[4] (e.g. Job 34:36[5]. See also R. Isaac D’Trania [Tos. RI”D] ad locum. Rashi adds “raising volume” as well[6]).

  4. Kasaf [7]כסף – In the sense of desiring, coveting (e.g. Gen. 31:30)[8]. King Solomon hinted to the connection between this meaning of כסף and the common usage in the sense of silver / money: Whoever loves silver will not be sated with silver (Eccles. 5:9). That is, the lover of such possessions wishes constantly add to and expand his cache (see Darkei David[9], Tetzave. See also Numbers Rabba 13:20).

  5. Safag ספג – This is an Aramaic word (e.g. Onkelos To Ex. 29:2)[10] meaning an absorbent, spongy substance, capable of adding to its own mass and expanding through the absorption of liquids.

  6. Chasaf חסף – Aramaic for clay (e.g. Dan.2:33), a thoroughly porous and absorbent substance (vis. Lev. 6:21 and Rashi ad loc.)[11].

  7. Yasaf / Safa יסף / ספה – In the sense of addition (and by extension, connection, attachment); see above.

  8. Sapach ספח – Meaning addendum; see above[12].

In addition to these meaning (addition, expansion, gathering, attaching), Menachem paradoxically includes subdivisions of the root סף denoting quite the opposite – end (סוף)[13] and destruction[14] (e.g. Is. 6:4, Ez. 40:6, 43:8, Ps. 84:11)!

Before attempting to address this puzzle, we will add another of Menachem’s subdivisions of סף, namely gates/doorposts of a building (e.g. Is. 6:4, Ez. 40:6, 43:8, Ps. 84:11). Now, while a gate signifies the outer border of a house, it also is the entrance (read: beginning) to said building. Indeed, an end from one perspective is aught but an opportunity for expansion to new horizons from another vantage point. And if this can be true of opportunistic mortals, how much more vis-à-vis the Eternal and Infinite G-d, the אין סוף! Thus, the apparent contradiction between Menachem’s various סף subdivisions is resolved: one man’s “end” is another’s “beginning.”

The “border” meaning of סף (from which derive such terms as שפת הים – sea shore) brings us to yet another of Menachem’s subdivisions, סף denoting various vessels (e.g. Ex. 12:22, II Sam. 17:28, Zech. 12:2). The connection here is that just as the gate of a house guards against undesired comings and goings, so do the borders of a vessel contain the contents and guard against their spillage (a very similar word for a type of vessel is ספל, and the explanation is identical)[15].

One last sub-division of סף in the Machberet is reserved for the word מספוא, animal feed (e.g. Gen. 24:25, 42:27). Yeriot Shlomo (1:5a) explains this word in the sense of destruction/end, because all food is perforce destroyed in the course of its consumption. A parallel double entendre is found in the common word for food, אוכל, which shares a common bi-literal root (‘כל’) with כליון, obliteration[16]. Despite the unavoidable destruction of the consumed food however, the main purpose of consuming food is obviously not its destruction, but its life-giving powers, its ability to renew one’s strength, to add energy and health to its consumer. Thus we again find opposite effects: end/destruction on the one hand and addition/expansion on the other.

May the Eternal One bring about a סוף to evil, concomitantly adding להוסיף years of vibrant, healthy life to those who revere His Word and keep His Precepts.

[1] [להלן נגזרי ‘יסף’ האחרים בפרשתינו]: ויקרא כו:כא – וְאִם תֵּלְכוּ עִמִּי קֶרִי וְלֹא תֹאבוּ לִשְׁמֹעַ לִי וְיָסַפְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם מַכָּה שֶׁבַע כְּחַטֹּאתֵיכֶם. שם כז:יג – וְאִם גָּאֹל יִגְאָלֶנָּה וְיָסַף חֲמִישִׁתוֹ עַל עֶרְכֶּךָ. שם כז:טו – וְיָסַף חֲמִישִׁית כֶּסֶף עֶרְכְּךָ עָלָיו וְהָיָה לוֹ. שם כז:יט – וְאִם גָּאֹל יִגְאַל אֶת הַשָּׂדֶה הַמַּקְדִּישׁ אֹתוֹ וְיָסַף חֲמִשִׁית כֶּסֶף עֶרְכְּךָ עָלָיו וְקָם לוֹ. שם כז:כז – וּפָדָה בְעֶרְכֶּךָ וְיָסַף חֲמִשִׁתוֹ עָלָיו וְאִם לֹא יִגָּאֵל וְנִמְכַּר בְּעֶרְכֶּךָ. שם כז:לא – וְאִם גָּאֹל יִגְאַל אִישׁ מִמַּעַשְׂרוֹ חֲמִשִׁיתוֹ יֹסֵף עָלָיו.

[2] It is interesting to note that The root יסף, meaning adding / expanding, appears more times in this week’s portion than in any other weekly portion, totally seven occurrences. In addition to the verse quoted here, it appears in: Lev. 26:21, 27:13, 27:15, 27:19, 27:27, 27:31.

[3] [עוד דוגמאות]: וַיִּסְפֹּן אֶת הַבַּיִת גֵּבִים (מ”א ו:ט), וְסָפֻן בָּאֶרֶז (מ”א ז:ג), לָשֶׁבֶת בְּבָתֵּיכֶם סְפוּנִים (חגי א:ד).

[4] [הוראה אחרת של ‘ספק’ המצויה במקרא היא  הכאה (במ’ כד:י, יחז’ כא:יז, איוב כז:כג, איכה ב:טו). ובנוסף, בלשון חז”ל הידועה, המלה מורה על  אי-וודאות (“הסתלק מן הספק”). מלבי”ם קישר בין ב’ המשמעויות, מפני שיש מכה ידיו מתוך ספק ותמיהה]: יר’ לא:יח – סָפַקְתִּי עַל יָרֵךְ; מלבי”ם – ספקתי. בא על הספק: וְסָפַק מוֹאָב בְּקִיאוֹ (יר’ מח:כו), תַּחַת רְשָׁעִים סְפָקָם (איוב לד:כו), ועל הכאת כף אל כף או אל ירך. ולדעתי במקום שבא על הכאת כף הוא בדבר שיש לו ספק, והוא מתמה על הדבר: וַיִּסְפֹּק אֶת כַּפָּיו… לָקֹב אֹיְבַי קְרָאתִיךָ וְהִנֵּה בֵּרַכְתָּ בָרֵךְ (במ’ כד:י), סָפְקוּ עָלַיִךְ כַּפַּיִם… הֲזֹאת הָעִיר (איכה ב:טו), וכן פה, ר”ל שאני מכה על ירך דרך ספק ותמיה. [כ”כ נלע”ד להציע קשר בין מובן  הכאה לבין הוראת ריבוי והוספה הנ”ל שהרי המאחסן חפצים רבים, פעמים נאלץ להרביצם ולהכותם בכדי שיכנסו כולם למקומם].

[5] [וכגון]: איוב כ:כב – בִּמְלֹאות שִׂפְקוֹ; רש”י – בהתמלאות תאות לבו. שם לו:יח – פֶּן יְסִיתְךָ בְסָפֶק; מצ”צ – וענינו די הספיק והצורך. [ומכאן]: תשבי (ערך ‘ספק’ –ת”ד): “סיפק צרכינו” (הגדה), ונתינת הזדמנות: “אין מספיקין בידו”.

[6] [וכגון]: איוב כ:כב – בִּמְלֹאות שִׂפְקוֹ; רש”י – בהתמלאות תאות לבו. שם לו:יח – פֶּן יְסִיתְךָ בְסָפֶק; מצ”צ – וענינו די הספיק והצורך. [ומכאן]: תשבי (ערך ‘ספק’ –ת”ד): “סיפק צרכינו” (הגדה), ונתינת הזדמנות: “אין מספיקין בידו”.

[7] [שרש ‘כסף’ מופיע שבע פעמים בפרשתינו].

[8] [דוגמאות נוספות]: צפ’ ב:א – הַגּוֹי לֹא נִכְסָף; אב”ע – לא נכסף – אינו אהוב ונחמד לגוים מגזרת נכספה וגם כלתה. תה’ יז:יב – כְּאַרְיֵה יִכְסוֹף לִטְרֹף; רש”י – יכסוף – יחמוד כמו כי נכסוף נכספת (בר’ לא). [וראה רש”י בר’ לא:ל].

[9] דרכי דוד: ר’ דוד מילדולה. אמשטרדם, תקנ”ג.

[10] [תרגומה של “רקיק” (מצה ספוגית)]: שמ’ כט:ב – וּרְקִיקֵי מַצּוֹת; ת”א – ואספוגין פטירין. [ולנימוקים אחרים בענין שרש ‘ספג’, השוה את מאמרינו לפ’ קדושים].

[11] [והעיר אמ”ש נ”י שרמזו חז”ל לתכונתו לקלוט ולאסוף חומרים שונים, שהרי שיעורו בענין הוצאת שבת הוא]: שבת ח:ז – חֶרֶס [שיערו כדי] כְּדֵי לַחְתּוֹת בּוֹ אֶת הָאוּר. רַבִּי. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה (שם) וְלַחְשׂוֹף מַיִם מִגֶּבֶא.

[12] [ובמדרש רמזו לקירבה בין ‘ספח’ למלה “משפחה”]: ויק”ר טז:א – וְשִׂפַּח ה’ קָדְקֹד בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן (ישע’ ג:יז). ר”א ור’ יוסי ברבי חנינא. ר”א אומר הלקן בצרעת כדכתיב: ולשאת ולספחת (וי’ יד:נו). ר’ יוסי בר חנינא אמר העלה על ראשם משפחות משפחות של כנים; מתנות כהונה – ושפח – לשון ספחת. משפחות – דרש ‘ושפח’ לשון משפחה.

[13] [כגון]: סוֹף דָּבָר הַכֹּל נִשְׁמָע (קהלת יב:יג), סוֹף כָּל הָאָדָם (שם ז:ב), וּמְצָאתֶם אֹתָם בְּסוֹף הַנַּחַל (דה”ב כ:טז).

[14] [ומכאן יש להציע קשר גם לשרש ‘ספד’, המציין את  קץ החיים, כגון]: וְסָפְדוּ לוֹ כָל יִשְׂרָאֵל (מ”א יד:יג), לא יִסָּפְדוּ וְלֹא יִקָּבֵרוּ (יר’ טז:ד), וְאַל תֵּלֵךְ לִסְפּוֹד (שם פסוק ה), לֹא יִסְפְּדוּ לוֹ (שם כב:יח), וְלֹא תִסְפֹּד וְלֹא תִבְכֶּה (יחז’ כד:טז), כְּמִסְפֵּד עַל הַיָּחִיד (שם יב:י), מִסְפַּד בֵּית הָאֵצֶל (מיכה א:יא), כִּי צַמְתֶּם וְסָפוֹד (זכ’ ז:ה). [ויש להוסיף כי ההספד גם מעודד את השומעים להמשיך בדרכו של הנפטר, היינו  הוספת מעשים טובים וכו’ לעולם כדרכו].

[15] [ולנימוקים אחרים בענין שרש ‘ספל’, השוה את מאמרינו לפ’ וארא].

[16] [והעיר בני אמ”ש נ”י שאף המלה “שחת”, המורה על  כלייה ואבדון בלשון מקרא, משמשת בלשון חז”ל ככינוי למאכל בהמה (כגון מנח’ י:ח). אולם, ראה פהמ”ש לרמב”ם פאה ב:א שפירש את המלה כ”איבוד”, היינו שמשחית את התבואה בטרם עת, בעודו רך].


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